IN WHAT WAYS IS LISTENING DIFFICULT?
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<TWO MODELS OF PROCESSING>
1) Anderson & Lynch
2) Celce-Murcia

* the same elements
* the importance of the whole process

<FEATURES OF LANGUAGE INPUT THAT HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE
INFLUENTIAL>
1) the types of language we are listening to
2) the way in which the information is organized
3) the explicitness of information given
* redundancy
* sufficiency of information
* referring expressions
4) the listeners' familiarity with the topic
5) the purpose in listening
6) visual support

<SPEECH DECODING SKILLS>
1) a sequence of phonetic units
2) stable segments
3) attention signals
4) possible functions
5) adjust to speakers variation

<TWO STUDIES>
1) Long (1990)
2) Ross (1997)

<ASSUMPTION>
The links between the different kinds of knowledge make listening difficult.

1) Anderson & Lynch
2) Celce-Murcia

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–– Rost ‚Μ•ΆŒ£’†‚̐}

(Selection strategies) (Ross 1997)
Stage Response Gloss
1. Noise None No response is made because input was
heard as 'noise'.
2. Distraction None Processing is blocked by a split of attention
because the aural input and the previous item.
3. Syllable None Listener can hear only a part of a key word
restructuring and restructures it into a part of a word that
was not in the utterance. Association is then
based on the misheard key word.
4. Syllable Projection of Listener finds a plausible word or syllable that
identification a syllable to could be associated with an icon. The
a key word syllable or word is projected on to that word.
5. Key word Key word Listener hears a single key word in the input
association and matches it to a single icon.
6. Linked keywords More than one Listener establishes a pragmatic link between
key word is the two key words and associates them with
heard an icon.
7. Phrases Whole phrase As whole phrases are processed, function words
is processed can serve to link key words contained in the
phrase.

––– Ross ‚Μ ˜_•Ά’†‚ΜTable

<References>
- Anderson, A. and T. Lynch. 1988. Listening. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Rost, M. 1990. Listening in Language Learning. Harlow: Longman.
- Brown, G. and G. Yule. 1983. Teaching the Spoken Language: An Approach Based
on the Analysis of Conversational English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Celce-Murcia, M. 1995. "Discourse Analysis and the Teaching of Listening."
Cook, G. and B. Seidlhofer (eds.) Principle and Practice in Applied Linguistics.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Long, D. 1990. "What You Don't Know Can't Help You: An Exploratory Study of
Background Knowledge and Second Language Listening Comprehension." Studies
in Second Language Acquisition 12: 65-80
- Lynch, T. 1998. "Theoretical Perspectives on Listening." Annual Review of Applied
Linguistics 18: 3-19.
- Ross, M. 1997. "An Introspective Analysis of Listener Inferencing on a Second
Language Listening Test.